
L’espansione dell’Intelligenza Artificiale (IA) segna una svolta epocale nel rapporto tra tecnologia e diritti fondamentali. Il presente contributo intende analizzare criticamente il potenziale trasformativo dell’IA alla luce della recente normativa europea, in particolare il Regolamento (UE) 2024/1689 sull’Intelligenza Artificiale (AI Act), e del Regolamento generale sulla protezione dei dati (GDPR). Dopo aver esaminato le principali tipologie di IA – intelligenza ristretta, generale, machine learning e deep learning – si mettono in evidenza i rischi etici e giuridici derivanti dall’opacità algoritmica, dalla discriminazione automatizzata e dalla violazione della privacy. La ricerca esplora, inoltre, l’impatto dell’IA sui diritti umani, evidenziando la necessità di soluzioni normative basate sui principi di trasparenza, responsabilità, non discriminazione e sorveglianza umana. La prospettiva adottata è multidisciplinare e comparata, con particolare attenzione alle più recenti evoluzioni giurisprudenziali in ambito europeo e alle iniziative internazionali di governance algoritmica. L’articolo conclude proponendo un approccio “by design e by default” che integri la tutela dei diritti fondamentali fin dalle prime fasi della progettazione tecnologica. Solo in tal modo l’IA potrà costituire uno strumento al servizio della dignità umana e della giustizia sociale.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BETWEEN POTENTIAL AND RISKS A Legal and Ethical Analysis in Light of the EU AI Regulation The expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) marks a turning point in the relationship between technology and fundamental rights. This paper aims to critically analyse the transformative potential of AI in light of recent European regulation, particularly the Artificial Intelligence Act (EU Regulation 2024/1689) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). After examining the main types of AI – narrow and general intelligence, machine learning and deep learning – the article highlights ethical and legal risks such as algorithmic opacity, automated discrimination and privacy infringement. The study also explores the impact of AI on human rights, emphasising the need for regulatory solutions grounded in transparency, accountability, non-discrimination and human oversight. A multidisciplinary and comparative approach is adopted, with particular focus on recent European case law and international initiatives in algorithmic governance. The paper concludes by proposing a “by design and by default” framework that embeds the protection of fundamental rights from the earliest stages of technological development. Only in this way can AI become a tool that truly serves human dignity and social justice.
Intelligenza Artificiale, Diritti fondamentali, GDPR, AI Act, Etica digitale, Artificial Intelligence, Fundamental Rights, Data Protection, AI Regulation, Digital Ethics
Intelligenza Artificiale, Diritti fondamentali, GDPR, AI Act, Etica digitale, Artificial Intelligence, Fundamental Rights, Data Protection, AI Regulation, Digital Ethics
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