This study aimed to investigate sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with negative self-perception of sleep quality among public high school students in Jequié, Bahia, Brazil. This is a descriptive-analytical study with a probabilistic sample of 1,170 adolescents. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire and analyzed using Poisson regression. The prevalence of negative sleep perception was 30.7%. After adjusted analysis, excessive computer screen time during the week (≥ 2h/day) was significantly associated with negative sleep perception (PR=1.09; 95%CI: 1.01–1.18; p=0.02), whereas alcohol consumption showed an inverse association (PR=0.92; 95%CI: 0.86–0.98; p=0.02). It is concluded that excessive screen use is a modifiable risk factor. The inverse association with alcohol consumption requires cautious interpretation, considering potential biases and the known health risks of this behavior. The findings highlight the need for intersectoral strategies aimed at promoting sleep hygiene, responsible technology use, and health education in school settings, involving professionals, families, and the community as co-participants in adolescent health care.