This repository contains a comprehensive critical commentary on the study by Wang et al., titled “Pathway-selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist as a rapid antidepressant strategy” (Cell, 2025; doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.10.022). The commentary provides a rigorous, figure-by-figure, data-driven re-evaluation of the mechanistic, pharmacological, transcriptomic, imaging, and behavioral claims made in the original publication. The critique examines each Main Figure (1–8), all Extended Data Figures (ED1–ED15), and the Supplementary Figures, identifying methodological limitations, inconsistencies, missing controls, and interpretative overreach that affect the strength of the conclusions regarding: purported biased 5-HT1A receptor signaling, β-arrestin–dependent ERK–mTOR activation, restoration of synaptic plasticity, rapid antidepressant efficacy, and safety and selectivity profiles of the designed ligand. The analysis reveals multiple concerns, including incomplete GPCR selectivity assessment, lack of structural validation of biased agonism, insufficient statistical rigor in phospho-proteomics and scRNA-seq analyses, inadequate quantification in calcium imaging experiments, behavioral assays confounded by locomotor effects, underpowered plasticity measurements, incomplete pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic alignment, and insufficient safety testing. This commentary aims to foster constructive scientific discussion by clarifying which conclusions are supported, which remain speculative, and which require additional experimental verification. It is intended as an independent scholarly resource for researchers working on GPCR-biased ligands, antidepressant drug discovery, 5-HT receptor biology, and neuropsychopharmacology.