Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and metabolic dysfunction. It represents one of the most common causes of reproductive impairment among women of reproductive age and is closely linked to long-term metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and increased cardiovascular risk. Despite the high prevalence of PCOS, diagnostic challenges and variable clinical presentations continue to contribute to delayed detection and suboptimal management. Understanding the relationship between reproductive and metabolic abnormalities is essential for improving clinical outcomes and optimizing individualized treatment strategies.