The development of next-generation structural materials is increasingly influenced by the global demand for sustainability, adaptability, and eco-friendly engineering practices. Conventional construction materials such as cement, steel, and synthetic polymers, although widely used, are linked to high carbon emissions, limited recyclability, and long-term environmental degradation. To address these challenges, researchers are turning toward biogenic compositesinnovative materials synthesized and enhanced through microbial processes. These composites leverage the capabilities of bacteria, fungi, and algae to create structural materials that are lightweight, durable, regenerative, and environmentally sustainable. This study investigates the role of microbial processes, including microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP), bio-polymer production, and fungal mycelium-based composites, in the creation of structural materials with self-healing and adaptive properties. MICP offers a promising low-carbon alternative to cement by binding soil or sand particles through biologically precipitated calcium carbonate. Similarly, fungal mycelium composites provide fire-resistant, lightweight, and biodegradable solutions for insulation and construction. Hybrid systems that integrate microbial processes with plant-based reinforcement are also discussed as future materials capable of mimicking biological adaptability responding dynamically to environmental stress and self-repairing structural damage. The paper highlights the intersection of biotechnology and material science in advancing microbial engineering for construction applications. While challenges related to large-scale production, environmental stability, and standardization remain, the convergence of synthetic biology, civil engineering, and materials technology holds immense potential. Biogenic composites represent a transformative step toward climate-resilient infrastructure, green building practices, and eco-friendly product design, offering a pathway to reduce the ecological footprint of the construction industry.