Soil-borne diseases are one of the most persistent and harmful limitations to sustainable crop production across the world. These microorganisms, which include fungus, bacteria, nematodes, and oomycetes, live in the rhizosphere and infect plants via roots or lower stems, producing illnesses that result in significant yield and quality losses. Their cryptic character, extensive host range, and survival via resistant structures make diagnosis and therapy extremely difficult. This study examines the primary soil-borne diseases of economic relevance, focuses on contemporary diagnostic methods for quick diagnosis, and addresses integrated control strategies. The focus is on molecular diagnostics, biocontrol agents, and soil health-based preventative methods. Strengthening soil microbiome research and implementing holistic management frameworks are critical for developing disease-resistant agroecosystems.