Anthrax is an acute zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium that primarily affects herbivorous animals and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or their products. The pathogen’s spores exhibit exceptional environmental resistance, enabling long-term persistence in soil and posing continual challenges for eradication. Human anthrax manifests in four clinical forms—cutaneous, inhalational, gastrointestinal, and injectional—with varying degrees of severity and fatality. The disease remains endemic in many parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas, with frequent outbreaks reported in India due to inadequate vaccination, poor carcass disposal, and close human–animal interactions. B. anthracis is also recognized as a potential biological threat agent owing to its stability and aerosolization capacity. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, microscopy, bacteriological culture, and molecular assays such as PCR and whole-genome sequencing. Prevention and control strategies emphasize a One Health framework that integrates livestock vaccination, surveillance, environmental management, and public education. Recent advances in molecular epidemiology, rapid diagnostics, and vaccine development offer promising prospects for effective anthrax control. Continued research, intersectoral collaboration, and community participation are essential for reducing the global burden and ensuring sustainable disease prevention.