Rebound exercise, performed using a mini-trampoline, is a low-impact, full-body activity that offers both physical and cognitive benefits. It is particularly suitable for populations with mobility challenges, such as overweight and obese females, who are at increased risk of impaired balance, reduced cognitive function, and chronic disease. This narrative review explores the effectiveness of rebound exercise in improving cognitive performance and postural balance in overweight and obese women. Relevant studies published between 2018 and 2024 were identified using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria focused on females aged 18–45 years with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m², assessing outcomes related to cognition and balance. Findings reveal that rebound exercise leads to significant improvements in static and dynamic balance, cognitive function, BMI, waist-hip ratio, pulmonary function (FEV₁, FVC), and quality of life. It also enhances proprioception, muscular strength, and cardiovascular endurance in both overweight individuals and those with neurological disorders. In conclusion, rebound exercise is a safe, cost-effective, and engaging intervention that improves balance and cognitive function in overweight and obese females. It shows strong potential for inclusion in both preventive healthcare and rehabilitation programs.