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Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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The Beta Scale: Existence, Spectral Realisation and Object of the Freese Class (Short Note on First Discovery)

Authors: Freese, Tim;

The Beta Scale: Existence, Spectral Realisation and Object of the Freese Class (Short Note on First Discovery)

Abstract

Abstract Short abstract (English) This short note fixes the beta scale $\beta$ as a new, rigorously defined mathematical object of the Freese class. In the logarithmic variable $u=\log x$, the beta scale is introduced as a tempered distribution via a Green identity with a fixed Guinand–Weil kernel $K$:\[(e^u \ast K)(u) = 1.\]Writing $h(u)=\beta(e^u)\,\mu_K(u)$, where $\mu_K$ is the kernel–dependent measure, one obtains existence and uniqueness of $\beta$ as a distribution that couples the von-Mangoldt side with the zeta spectrum in the explicit formulae. In a Connes-type spectral triple $(A,H,D)$, the same object appears as the Fourier multiplier $m_\beta$ of a Dirac operator; the trace formula induced by $D$ agrees with the distributional definition. The discrete version $\beta(n)$ is canonically normalised via the Gram side (limit $1/(2\pi)$) and belongs, in the log–parameter, to a log–cosine class (“Freese class”), so that its Fourier image is a discrete frequency line. The note also corrects the author’s earlier preprints: the energy scale\[\tau(n)=\sqrt{p_n+2a}\]is now clearly separated from $\beta$, and previous claims suggesting a proof of the Riemann hypothesis are downgraded to conjectural statements. The Fredholm invertibility of $I-2C$ and the associated no-drift criterion $E_K(t)=O(1)$ remain RH-hard open problems. The sole claim of this note is the first definition and mathematical existence of the beta scale as an object of the Freese class. About the LPI model: This preprint is conceptually related to the LPI model developed by Ingo Füchtenbusch at FH Münster, which introduces logistic prediction and error models on a macroscopic level. While the LPI model addresses statistical error structures in applied settings, the beta scale introduced here operates on a spectral, number-theoretic level. The reference to the LPI model is solely intended to place the present research programme within a broader context of error and density models. --- Kurz-Abstract (Deutsch) Diese Kurzmitteilung fixiert die Beta-Skala $\beta$ als neues, rigoros definiertes mathematisches Objekt der Freese-Klasse. Im Log-Raum $u=\log x$ wird $\beta$ als temperierte Distribution durch eine Green-Identität mit festem Guinand–Weil-Kernel $K$ definiert:\[(e^u \ast K)(u) = 1.\]Über $h(u)=\beta(e^u)\,\mu_K(u)$, wobei $\mu_K$ das kernabhängige Maß ist, erhält man Existenz und Eindeutigkeit von $\beta$ als Distribution, welche die von-Mangoldt-Seite mit dem Zeta-Spektrum in den expliziten Formeln koppelt. In einem Spektral-Triple $(A,H,D)$ der Connes-Klasse erscheint dasselbe Objekt als Fourier-Multiplikator $m_\beta$ eines Dirac-Operators; die durch $D$ induzierte Spurformel stimmt mit der distributionellen Definition überein. Die diskrete Version $\beta(n)$ ist Gram-kanonisch normiert (Grenzwert $1/(2\pi)$) und gehört im Log-Parameter zu einer Log-Cosinus-Klasse („Freese-Klasse“), sodass das Fourier-Bild eine diskrete Frequenzlinie bildet. Die Notiz korrigiert frühere Arbeiten des Autors: Die Energie-Skala\[\tau(n)=\sqrt{p_n+2a}\]wird explizit von $\beta$ getrennt, und alle früheren Formulierungen eines „RH-Beweises“ werden als verfrühte Vermutungen eingeordnet. Der Status quo ist: Die Fredholm-Invertierbarkeit von $I-2C$ bzw. das Kein-Drift-Kriterium $E_K(t)=O(1)$ bleiben bewusst RH-schwere, offene Schritte. Die vorliegende Notiz beansprucht ausschließlich die Erstdefinition und mathematische Existenz der Beta-Skala als Objekt der Freese-Klasse. Zum LPI Modell: Das vorliegende Preprint steht in konzeptioneller Nachbarschaft zum an der FH Münster entwickelten LPI-Modell von Ingo Füchtenbusch, das logistische Prognose- und Fehlermodelle auf makroskopischer Ebene beschreibt. Während das LPI-Modell statistische Fehlerstrukturen in Anwendungen modelliert, arbeitet die hier eingeführte Beta-Skala auf spektraler, zahlentheoretischer Ebene. Die Bezugnahme auf das LPI-Modell dient ausschließlich der Einordnung des Forschungsprogramms in einen breiteren Kontext von Fehler- und Dichtemodellen.

Keywords

Weil, explicite formula, Fredholm, spectral theory, Dirac Operator, Freese class, zeta zeros, zeta function, Primes, spectral triple, Guinand, beta_scale, Operator, Connes, Riemann, Selberg, Odlyzko

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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