Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) increasingly intersects with dietary patterns and food-system safety. Within a One Health frame, we examined how national diet composition, dietary industrialisation, and economic capacity relate to food-borne AMR exposure potential. Methods: We assembled harmonised country-year data from FAO Food Balance Sheets and World Bank Development Indicators for 180 countries from 2010–2019. We defined a reproducible AMR Risk Proxy combining animal-source food intake and GDP per capita, and modelled associations with a Processing Index (alcohol, oils and fats, sugars, sweeteners), animal-source intake, and GDP per capita using OLS with heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors. Prespecified stratified analyses compared low- versus high-income contexts. Results: Across 2,227 observations, higher animal-source food intake was positively associated with the AMR Risk Proxy, while GDP per capita showed a protective association; the Processing Index had a smaller positive association. In income-stratified models, processing intensity related to higher exposure potential in low-income settings but attenuated in high-income settings, consistent with stronger food-safety governance. Conclusion: Food-system determinants—dietary patterns, processing intensity, and economic capacity—are linked to potential food-borne AMR exposure. Integrating balanced, plant-rich diet promotion with investments in food-safety infrastructure and hygiene regulation can advance community-level AMR prevention. The AMR Risk Proxy offers a practical indicator for monitoring and evaluating health-promotion and nutrition-policy interventions.