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ZENODO
Other literature type . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Data Paper . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Data Paper . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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A 32% Human-Derived Mosaic in the In Silico-Assembled SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Accidental Contaminant Misincorporation or Intentional Functional Chimeric Design?

Authors: Jon Fleetwood;

A 32% Human-Derived Mosaic in the In Silico-Assembled SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Accidental Contaminant Misincorporation or Intentional Functional Chimeric Design?

Abstract

ABSTRACT The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (YP_009724390.1) was not isolated from a physical virion but was computationally assembled in silico from fragmented RNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a single patient (Wu et al., Nature, 2020). This in silico-derived sequence serves as the antigen in mRNA vaccines administered to over five billion individuals. Here, we report that 32% (416 amino acids) of this spike exhibits significant local similarity to human endogenous retroviral (HERV) elements and cellular proteins across six functional domains: membrane fusion, receptor binding, immune modulation, intracellular trafficking, structural rigidity, and metabolic interference. These alignments, identified via six reproducible NCBI BLASTp searches (RIDs: H2C3P344014, H2PYZ3WV016, H3XRGFXY014, H47XDWV7014, H48U4FWY016, H498WK63016), involve over 150 independent human loci and are absent in bat or pangolin coronaviruses. The in silico origin of the spike is established; the critical unresolved question is whether the 32% human mosaic reflects (1) accidental misincorporation of host contaminants during metagenomic assembly or (2) intentional inclusion of human-derived sequences for chimeric functional enhancement. The precision of motif placement, statistical improbability of random convergence (< 10⁻²⁰), and functional coherence of the domains—independently validated by HERV-K/W upregulation in nasal mucosa as early predictors of hospitalization and respiratory failure (Petrone et al., 2023), severe COVID-19 lungs (Temerozo et al., 2022), blood with IFN-I induction (Guo et al., 2022), pulmonary arterial hypertension (Wang et al., 2023), pediatric MIS-C/KD (Balestrieri et al., 2023), MSH3 homology in the furin site (Ambati et al., 2022), and SARS-CoV-2-triggered HERV transactivation driving inflammaging, senescence, and neurodegeneration (Wu et al., 2025)—support the need for independent re-assembly of the raw data using human-excluded reference databases. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, in silico assembly, spike protein, human endogenous retrovirus, sequence homology, chimeric, chimera, mosaic, mRNA vaccine, inflammaging, accidental vs. intentional design

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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