This repository contains the data, analysis code, and supplementary materials for the article “Benefits of a Pragmatic Approach: Rethinking Measurement Invariance and Composite Scores in Cross-Cultural Research,” in press in Sociological Methods & Research. This repository was prepared by Christopher Bratt using data from the European Social Survey. The following files are available: The article published in Sociological Methods & Research (to be added; version to be confirmed) Subsetted data from the European Social Survey (ESS) used in the article. Data were downloaded from the ESS server in April 2025 (all ESS rounds, all available countries); the subsetted data are limited to the variables used in the article and are not otherwise modified. Thus, the subsetted data available here are the data prior to data management carried out for the article. The code used for data management is available as part of the overall analysis code in the appendix to the Online Supplement and also in the separate Quarto markdown file used to render the Online Supplement. The Online Supplement as published in Sociological Methods & Research. This supplement was rendered from Quarto in RStudio and provides explanatory text, detailed tables, and figures beyond those available in the published article. It also includes all analysis code. The Quarto markdown document (running text and code) used to run all analyses and to render the Online Supplement.