Vietnam’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 has intensified the need for comprehensive, data-driven models to guide long-term energy system planning. Historically, such planning has been primarily concerned with technoeconomic considerations; however, growing societal and international expectations now require that environmental and social dimensions be incorporated in decision-making. This dataset therefore compiles technoeconomic, environmental, and social data for Vietnam’s power and transport sectors from 2020 to 2050. This includes data on demand, capacity factors, technical potential, as well as operational life, residual capacity, efficiencies, costs (investments, fixed, and fuel), emission factors and pollution costs (CO2, CH4, NOX, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5), and employment factors (construction, manufacturing, operation and maintenance) for both power plant and transport mode types. All data were obtained and processed from available online sources. The dataset is structured to ensure compatibility with widely used energy modelling tools, including OSeMOSYS, TIMES, and MESSAGE, facilitating integrated and comparative analyses across multiple models. It provides detailed metadata, including the Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange (SDMX) observation statuses, and a traffic-light quality system to enhance transparency and usability. Although the dataset is tailored to Vietnam, most of the data is technology-based and thus transferable to other national contexts. Overall, this dataset contributes to improving the accessibility and transparency of energy data, enabling policymakers and researchers in Vietnam and other developing countries to conduct evidence-based analyses in support of just energy transitions.