Mental health has taken on a central role in public health discussions, especially in the face of global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, economic downturns, and social instability. These adversities intensify risk factors for mental disorders, demanding urgent and integrated responses from health systems. This essay presents a critical and integrative review of the current scientific literature, focusing on the Brazilian public health context and its psychosocial challenges. It addresses the fragility of the Psychosocial Care Network (RAPS), the impact of precarious work, stigma, the overload of CAPS, and the need to promote equity in care. Special attention is given to vulnerable populations and the mental health of frontline professionals. The study concludes by highlighting the necessity of intersectoral strategies, user participation, and the strengthening of public mental health policies to ensure quality, inclusive, and equitable care in times of crisis.