The efficiency of modern thermal power systems relies heavily on optimized heat transfer mechanisms. As global energy demand rises, enhancing heat transfer efficiency has become a priority to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This study investigates various heat transfer optimization techniques, including advanced heat exchanger designs, nanofluid applications, and waste heat recovery methods. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and empirical studies are reviewed to evaluate their effectiveness. The findings highlight that integrating these techniques significantly improves system performance, reduces operational costs, and contributes to sustainable energy practices.