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Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Entity‑Conditioned Probing with Resampling: Validity and Reliability for Measuring LLM Brand/Site Recommendations

Authors: Liu, Jim;

Entity‑Conditioned Probing with Resampling: Validity and Reliability for Measuring LLM Brand/Site Recommendations

Abstract

We introduce entity-conditioned probing with resampling, a simple, reproducible method to measure intrinsic brand/site associations in large language models. A single schema-constrained prompt produces top-N lists for each category–locale cell; we collect k independent samples per cell and aggregate with a Plackett–Luce (PL) model to obtain latent worth scores and ranks with 95% bootstrap confidence intervals. In a study of 52 categories × 4 locales (US/GB/DE/JP) totaling 15,600 prompt iterations, we report PL scores alongside frequency baselines (@1/@3) and find strong split-half stability at top-3 (median Spearman = 1.00; mean = 0.876, 95% CI 0.806–0.932; overlap@3 mean = 0.962, 95% CI 0.936–0.985). The method is model-agnostic, emphasizes structured outputs and alias canonicalization, and separates intrinsic association from first-turn prompting effects; when forecasting first-turn outcomes is required, a small stratified panel can be used for monotonic calibration. Code and processed aggregates are openly available (see Related Works). (Preprint v0.6.1.)

Keywords

Computer Science — Computation and Language (cs.CL), reliability, self-consistency, Statistics — Machine Learning (stat.ML), Bradley-Terry, brand recommendations, LLM Evaluation, rank aggregation, locales, entities, SEO, Plackett-Luce, resampling, JSON schema, GPT-5, entity-condition probing, split-half, bootstrap, structured outputs, Information Retrieval (cs.IR), confidence intervals

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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