
Uno de los mayores problemas que Justiniano tuvo que abordar en relación con su política religiosa es el referido a la cuestión monofisita, de la que tratamos en el Capítulo II del presente estudio, titulado «La controversia de los “Tres Capítulos”», donde se analizan con esmero una serie de acontecimientos que llevaron al Papa y al Emperador a posicionamientos enfrentados y que desembocó en un nuevo Concilio V celebrado en el año 553 en la capital del Imperio; que, a nuestro juicio, no cerró adecuadamente las heridas abiertas en la corriente monofisita, ni en la doctrina católica, ni impidió el cisma de parte de algunas Iglesias occidentales, como tendremos ocasión de constatar en el Capítulo III. El edicto de los “Tres Capítulos”, promulgado por Justiniano en el año 543, o 544, es una de las consecuencias de la disputa cristológica habida entre el nestorianismo (o difisismo) –que defiende la radical separación entre las naturalezas divina y humana de Cristo– y el monofisismo –que sostiene que la naturaleza humana y la naturaleza divina de Cristo se confunden en una sola, como unión hipostática de Dios y el Verbo. Tras algunos fallidos intentos de reconciliación entre ambas posturas, como la celebración de diversos Sínodos y Conferencias, o la promulgación en el año 482, por Zenón, de un “decreto de unificación”, conocido como Henotikon, Justiniano promulgó el edicto de “los Tres Capítulos”, por el que se condenaban los escritos de tres Obispos nestorianos: Teodoro de Mopsuestia, Teodoreto de Ciro, e Ibas de Edesa. Dicho edicto tenía como finalidad atraerse a los monofisitas y acercar a los cristianos no calcedonianos hacia la ortodoxia calcedoniana, pero los católicos consideraron que la adhesión a la condena de los Tres Capítulos comprometía los dictados del Concilio de Calcedonia, por lo que las reacciones no se hicieron esperar. Ante tal situación el entonces Papa –Vigilio– se abstuvo de suscribir el edicto. Por su parte, los monofisitas tampoco estimaron conveniente alinearse con la posición imperial, que interpretaron como un ataque a su doctrina.
One of the greatest problems that Justinian had to address in relation to his religious policy is that of the Monophysite question, which we deal with in Chapter II of this study, entitled "The controversy of the "Three Chapters", where a series of events that led the Pope and the Emperor to opposing positions and that led to a new Council V held in the year 553 in the capital of the Empire; which, in our opinion, did not adequately heal the wounds opened in the Monophysite current, nor in Catholic doctrine, nor did it prevent schism on the part of some Western Churches, as we will have occasion to note in Chapter III. The edict of the "Three Chapters", promulgated by Justinian in 543, or 544, is one of the consequences of the Christological dispute between Nestorianism (or Dibisism) – which defends the radical separation between the divine and human natures of Christ – and Monophysitism – which maintains that the human nature and the divine nature of Christ are confused into one, as a hypostatic union of God and the Word. After some failed attempts at reconciliation between the two positions, such as the holding of various Synods and Conferences, or the promulgation in 482, by Zeno, of a "decree of unification", known as Henotikon, Justinian promulgated the edict of "the Three Chapters", by which the writings of three Nestorian Bishops were condemned: Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrus, and Ibas of Edessa. This edict was intended to attract the Monophysites and bring non-Chalcedonian Christians closer to Chalcedonian orthodoxy, but Catholics considered that adherence to the condemnation of the Three Chapters compromised the dictates of the Council of Chalcedon, so reactions were not long in coming. Faced with such a situation, the then pope – Vigilius – abstained from signing the edict. For their part, the Monophysites did not consider it convenient to align themselves with the imperial position, which they interpreted as an attack on their doctrine.
Christological Dispute, Edicto Justiniano, Disputa Cristológica, Tres Capítulos, Three Chapters, Justinian Edict
Christological Dispute, Edicto Justiniano, Disputa Cristológica, Tres Capítulos, Three Chapters, Justinian Edict
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