Agriculture continues to be the backbone of the Indian economy, providing livelihoods to over half of the population while contributing significantly to the nation’s Gross Value Added. Recent years have witnessed a paradigm shift in the sector through diversification, technological adoption, and policy reforms. Trends such as horticulture expansion, organic farming, digital agriculture, and climate-resilient practices are redefining Indian farming systems. Simultaneously, the agro-processing industry is gaining momentum as a driver of value addition, employment, and export growth, supported by initiatives like Mega Food Parks, PMFME, and cold chain infrastructure. However, the sector faces persistent challenges, including fragmented landholdings, post-harvest losses, market inefficiencies, water scarcity, and climate change impacts. Policy reforms such as MSP assurance, e-NAM, FPO promotion, and crop insurance schemes aim to address these gaps. Opportunities lie in fostering rural entrepreneurship, agri-startups, women’s empowerment, and sustainable practices to transform agriculture into a globally competitive, inclusive, and resilient sector. This chapter critically explores the trends, challenges, and opportunities shaping Indian agriculture and agro-processing in the 21st century.