Biosensors have emerged as transformative tools in healthcare, providing rapid, precise, and minimally invasive diagnostic capabilities for disease management. These devices integrate biological recognition elements with transducers to convert biological responses into measurable signals, enabling real-time monitoring of physiological and pathological parameters. The review explores various biosensor types, including electrochemical, optical, and nanotechnology-enabled sensors, emphasizing their applications in managing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Despite their potential, biosensors face challenges related to sensitivity, specificity, scalability, and data privacy. Recent innovations, such as wearable and implantable biosensors, along with advancements in materials and integration with artificial intelligence, have significantly expanded their clinical utility. This systematic review employs a PRISMA-guided methodology to synthesize evidence from high-impact studies, aiming to provide insights into overcoming development hurdles and highlighting future trends. By addressing current gaps, this article underscores the critical role of biosensors in advancing personalized medicine and global healthcare.