This paper takes two minimalist axioms as the sole logical starting point, without additional assumptions, and constructs a unified formula of physics through uninterrupted mathematical and logical deductions. This formula features cross-scale adaptability and can degenerate into core classical formulas without discontinuity in different physical scenarios: it corresponds to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation in macroscopic gravitational scenarios, Coulomb’s Law in microscopic electromagnetic scenarios, the short-range exponential decay empirical formula in intranuclear strong nuclear force scenarios, Fermi’s decay theory formula in weak nuclear force β-decay scenarios, and Newton’s Second Law in macroscopic low-speed scenarios. Meanwhile, based on the axioms and the unified formula, a self-consistent cosmic interpretation model is established, which reveals the origin of the speed of light and the essence of time and space, and provides reasonable explanations for phenomena such as black hole time stagnation, quantum entanglement, and quark confinement, forming a logically self-consistent physical theoretical framework.