To investigate the alignment between teacher training programs in primary education for ethnic minority regions and societal demands, this study employs employment tracking surveys and in-depth interviews to empirically analyze the career trajectories, professional stability, and social adaptation of graduates from a university's primary education program over the past five years. The findings reveal that graduates demonstrate high employment rates at grassroots levels, primarily serving schools in their home regions and neighboring counties. However, challenges persist regarding limited career development opportunities and insufficient cross-cultural teaching competencies. Social adaptation patterns exhibit distinct characteristics: "career adaptation surpasses life adaptation, while teaching adaptation outperforms cultural integration." Regional cultural identity and policy support emerge as core variables influencing adaptation outcomes. This research provides data-driven insights and practical pathways for optimizing curriculum design, enhancing graduate retention intentions, and improving social integration capabilities in primary education programs within ethnic minority regions.