Mathematics education in rural contexts faces persistent barriers, including shortages of trained teachers, limited instructional resources, and high dropout rates linked to mathematics anxiety. Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) provides novel opportunities to address these challenges through adaptive learning, automated assessment, natural language processing for multilingual access, and predictive analytics for dropout prevention. This paper investigates how AI can enhance mathematics learning outcomes in rural classrooms by synthesizing global evidence, analyzing case studies of technology deployment, and proposing a conceptual framework that links AI capabilities to measurable educational gains. We present evidence that AI-enabled adaptive systems can generate learning improvements of 0.25–0.40 standard deviations in mathematics test scores [3], while predictive models can reduce dropout rates by enabling targeted interventions [5]. Our proposed framework emphasizes equity, accessibility, and teacher-in-the-loop design to ensure inclusivity for girls, linguistic minorities, and differently-abled learners. We conclude that AI, when combined with adequate infrastructure, teacher training, and ethical safeguards, can be a cost-effective catalyst for narrowing mathematics learning gaps in rural education systems.