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ZENODO
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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A Scale-relative Approach to Unification: Analogical Equivalence of Fundamental Forces from Atomic to Cosmic Scales

Authors: Ankit Kumar Singh;

A Scale-relative Approach to Unification: Analogical Equivalence of Fundamental Forces from Atomic to Cosmic Scales

Abstract

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a theoretical framework suggesting that the four fundamental forces of nature, gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear are interrelated through a principle of scale relativity. Drawing an analogy between the structure of atoms and the solar system, the study examines whether macroscopic gravitational and magnetic interactions are scaled analogues of microscopic nuclear and electromagnetic interactions. By exploring Kepler’s laws of planetary motion as a macro-scale reflection of atomic behavior, a correspondence model is proposed that maps force types across physical scales. The apparent separation of fundamental forces is hypothesized to be an artifact of observational scale rather than a true division in nature. The model is formalized mathematically using scaling functions and dimensional analysis, and illustrated through diagrams. Implications include the prospect for a scale-dependent grand unification, predictions of astrophysical resonances, and tests based on dimensionless invariants. Keywords: Scale Relativity, Unified Field Theory, Kepler’s Law, Atomic–Cosmic Analogy, Fundamental Forces, Gravity–Weak Equivalence, Mass–Charge Duality

Keywords

Scale Relativity, Unified Field Theory, Kepler's Law, Atomic–Cosmic Analogy, Fundamental Forces, Gravity–Weak Equivalence, Mass–Charge Duality

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green