The convergence of very-large-scale integration (VLSI), artificial intelligence (AI), and bioelectronics is revolutionizing healthcare diagnostics. Wearables, implantables, and lab-on-chip platforms generate complex biosignals requiring secure, low-power, and real-time analysis. VLSI addresses these needs through miniaturization, efficient computation, and AI-specific architectures. This paper reviews VLSI’s role in bioelectronic diagnostics, emphasizing signal acquisition, on-chip AI accelerators, energy-efficient design, data protection, and scalability. Applications span point-of-care testing, neurological monitoring, cancer biomarker detection, and continuous health assessment. Case studies of neuromorphic processors, IoBT systems, and lab-on-chip devices highlight advances. Challenges include energy limits, co-design issues, costs, and regulation, with future prospects in neuromorphic and quantum-inspired systems.