Abstract India, despite achieving impressive economic growth over the past two decades, continues to face challenges of poverty, inequality, and inadequate social protection. A significant proportion of the population remains dependent on government welfare schemes, particularly social assistance programmes like pensions, subsidies, and cash transfers. This study focuses on the performance of cash transfer schemes under the National Social Assistance Programme in Nanded district, Maharashtra. Using both primary and secondary data, with surveys conducted in Bhokar and Hadgaon talukas, the research analyses beneficiaries’ socio-economic profiles, enrolment patterns, accessibility issues, and leakages in schemes such as the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme. Findings reveal that while schemes provide crucial financial security to disadvantaged groups (elderly, widows, and disabled), irregular payments, documentary requirements, lack of awareness, and caste-based disparities limit their effectiveness. Many beneficiaries depend on pensions for basic needs like food and healthcare, but irregular disbursement forces them into borrowing and financial distress. The study concludes that effective implementation, reduction in leakages, timely disbursement, and greater awareness can enhance the role of cash transfer schemes in poverty alleviation and social inclusion.