The narrative of Daniel 5 presents one of the most striking accounts of divine intervention in the affairs of human kingdoms. Set during Belshazzar’s lavish banquet, the sudden appearance of the mysterious handwriting on the wall underscores the reality of divine sovereignty over political powers. This article, titled “The Hand of God in History: A Theological Reading of Daniel 5,” offers a theological analysis of the chapter as a unified literary and theological unit. The study situates the story within its historical and canonical context, highlighting how the downfall of Belshazzar illustrates God’s judgment against human arrogance, idolatry, and misuse of power. Through close reading, the article demonstrates that Daniel 5 conveys central theological themes: the accountability of rulers before God, the transient nature of earthly kingdoms, and the supremacy of the God of Israel in history. Furthermore, the paper reflects on the contemporary implications of this passage for understanding divine justice in relation to leadership, governance, and the destiny of nations. By reading Daniel 5 through a theological lens, the article argues that the narrative affirms God’s ongoing involvement in human history, reminding both ancient and modern audiences that all authority is subject to divine evaluation and judgment.