
RESUMEN Este estudio analiza los factores asociados al rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria mediante tres modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) con una muestra de 1.509 estudiantes. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario de 56 ítems agrupados en ocho dimensiones teóricas: actitud hacia la institución, motivación académica, entorno barrial, acompañamiento familiar, vínculo con docentes, percepción de inclusión (operacionalizada como exclusión), necesidades básicas y actitudes frente a la lectura. El primer modelo incluyó las ocho dimensiones originales, el segundo exploró estructuras de segundo orden y el tercero buscó la especificación más parsimoniosa manteniendo el ajuste adecuado. La motivación académica (β = 0.14, *p* = .009) y las actitudes positivas hacia la lectura (β = 0.11, *p* = .021) mostraron efectos favorables, mientras que la percepción de exclusión escolar (β = −0.16, *p* < .001) tuvo un impacto negativo. El análisis de las cargas estandarizadas mostró una adecuada estructura de los constructos, aunque con algunos ítems débiles o inversos. Se discuten implicaciones para el fortalecimiento de ambientes escolares inclusivos y emocionalmente estimulantes. ABSTRACT This study analyzes the factors associated with academic performance in secondary school students using three structural equation models (SEM) with a sample of 1,509 students. Participants completed a 56-item questionnaire grouped into eight theoretical dimensions: attitude toward the institution, academic motivation, neighborhood environment, family support, connection with teachers, perception of inclusion (operationalized as exclusion), basic needs, and attitudes toward reading. The first model included the eight original dimensions, the second explored second-order structures, and the third sought the most parsimonious specification while maintaining adequate fit. Academic motivation (β = 0.14, *p* = .009) and positive attitudes toward reading (β = 0.11, *p* = .021) showed favorable effects, while the perception of school exclusion (β = −0.16, *p* < .001) had a negative impact. The analysis of the standardized loadings showed an adequate construct structure, although with some weak or inverse items. Implications for strengthening inclusive and emotionally stimulating school environments are discussed.
rendimiento académico, Psychology, Educational/education, dimensiones latentes, Academic Performance, latent dimensions, educación, predicción, Forecasting
rendimiento académico, Psychology, Educational/education, dimensiones latentes, Academic Performance, latent dimensions, educación, predicción, Forecasting
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