This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Nigeria’s policies and programmes for poverty alleviation over a period of more than six decades, from 1960 to 2024. The research provides a meticulous examination of the historical context, policy structures, and implementation methods utilized across different government administrations, evaluating their effects on poverty reduction, economic expansion, and human development. The study assesses the efficacy of a wide range of initiatives, encompassing social welfare schemes, economic development projects, and interventions targeted at specific sectors. The analysis pinpoints crucial obstacles that impede poverty alleviation efforts, including insufficient funding, flawed implementation, corruption, a lack of coordination, and inadequate participation from stakeholders. Additionally, the research delves into the various factors that shape poverty, covering economic, social, political, and institutional dynamics. By synthesizing the lessons learned, identifying best practices, and highlighting persistent obstacles, this study puts forth actionable recommendations for policymakers, development professionals, and other involved parties to improve the effectiveness of poverty alleviation strategies in Nigeria. The conclusions add to the current body of knowledge on poverty reduction and development, providing significant insights for Nigeria and other nations confronting similar issues, and helping to inform policy decisions aimed at fostering sustainable development and enhancing citizen well-being.