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Other literature type . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Project milestone . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Project milestone . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Quantifying Black Hole Entropy Increase via Particle Collisions and Randomness

Authors: Israt Jahan Powsi; Rayhan Miah; Abdul Hafiz Tamim; Al Amin; Jubayer Islam Ramim; Alam, Md. Khorshed;

Quantifying Black Hole Entropy Increase via Particle Collisions and Randomness

Abstract

Black hole entropy is a cornerstone of modern physics,traditionally linked to macroscopic parameters such asmass and event horizon area. Yet, microscopic processes,including particle collisions and quantum fluctuations, alsocontribute to the overall entropy. In this study, we presenta data-driven framework to quantify these contributions.We use gravitational-wave strain data from the GW150914event recorded by the Laser Interferometer GravitationalWave Observatory (LIGO) as the observational basis.Monte Carlo simulations of particle collisions near theevent horizon are combined with synthetically generatedGaussian-distributed fluctuations to model intrinsicrandomness in the system. Shannon’s information entropyis applied to particle energy histograms to quantifyincreases in disorder, while Power Spectral Density (PSD)analysis captures frequency-domain variability induced bythese fluctuations. A Pearson correlation heatmap isgenerated to explore the interdependencies among keyvariables, revealing a strong positive correlation (r ≈ 0.82)between noise amplitude and resulting entropy. Theresults indicate that microscopic interactions significantlyenhance black hole entropy, largely independent ofmacroscopic properties such as mass. This supports ahybrid view of black hole thermodynamics, where bothgeometric and statistical factors govern total entropy. Ourframework provides a reproducible methodology linkingobservational data with statistical modeling, offering apathway to probe the microphysical structure of blackholes and deepen our understanding of theirthermodynamic behavior.

Keywords

Black holes, randomness, entropy, Monte Carlo simulation

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green