The planetary ionosphere is a region of the planetary atmosphere ionized by solar radiation and high-energy particles, and its electron density exhibits dynamic fluctuations. Ionospheric disturbances are characterized by rapid local response, wave propagation, random external perturbations, and recovery mechanisms. Drawing on the physical mechanisms of planetary ionospheric disturbances, this paper proposes a novel heuristic optimization algorithm—the Planetary Ionospheric Perturbation Heuristic Optimization Algorithm (PIEDA). This algorithm, based on three unique mechanisms—multiscale perturbations, dynamic perturbation feedback, and perturbation aggregation and diffusion—effectively combines global exploration with local exploitation. This paper systematically expounds on the algorithm's principles, mathematical modeling, mechanism design, and pseudocode flow, fully demonstrating the algorithm's innovativeness and applicability, providing a new approach to complex nonlinear optimization problems.