Asteroid surface spectra vary with time, space, and environmental factors. These spectral variations reflect surface material composition, space weathering processes, rotational effects, and impact events. This paper proposes an optimization algorithm inspired by asteroid spectral variations, named Asteroid Spectral Dynamics Optimization (ASDO). This algorithm utilizes spectral superposition, rotational coupling, space weathering attenuation, and spectral energy focusing to form a unique nonlinear search strategy. This paper systematically describes the algorithm's mathematical principles, process, and innovative mechanisms, and constructs a complete continuous mathematical model. The ASDO algorithm, through its natural heuristic mechanism, theoretically ensures the diversity of the search space, local search capability, and global jump-out capability, providing new insights for high-dimensional optimization problems.