12. Dichotomius (Dichotomius) satanas (Harold, 1867) species group Diagnosis: The species of the D. satanas species group are recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) Medium-sized to large-sized individuals (15.1–24.6 mm). (2) Head oval and twice as wide as it is long (Fig. 22 a-c). (3) Clypeus with two inconspicuous clypeal teeth, sometimes imperceptible (Fig.22b, c). (4) Ventral clypeal process with triangular appearance with acute to obtuse tip (Fig. 22d). (5) Males with lamellar process in clypeal region (Fig. 22a). (6) Females with conical process in the fronto-clypeal region (Fig. 22b, c). (7) Protibial spur without angle near apex (Fig.22e). (8) Anterior margin of pronotum just behind the head with two lobes (Fig. 22 a-c). (9) Pronotum with strong excavation in the anterior area, pronotal disc with processes of different numbers of tips and shapes (Fig. 22 a-c). (10) Elytral striae bicarinate, shallow to distinctly impressed, with shagreened surface and ocellate punctures in its extension. (11) Pygidium with complete apical margin and evident puncture (Fig. 22f). (12) Aedeagus with slender subgenital plate (Fig. 22i). (13) Parameres upward directed and subquadrangular in lateral view (Fig. 22g), without setae in the apical area (Fig. 22 g-i). (14) ME well sclerotized and with “U”-shaped (Fig. 22m). Composition: Ten valid species: Dichotomius adrastus (Harold 1875), D. alyattes (Harold, 1880), D. andresi Sarmiento and Amat, 2014, D. angustus (Luederwaldt, 1929), D. divergens (Luederwaldt, 1929), D. planicollis (Gillet, 1911), D. protectus (Harold, 1867), D. quinquedens (Felsche, 1910), D. quinquelobatus (Felsche, 1901), and D. satanas (Harold, 1867), and at least four or five undescribed species. Geographic distribution: Mexican transition zone (Chiapas Highlands, Sierra Madre Oriental, and TransmexicanVolcanic belt provinces), Brazilian subregion Mesoameric dominion (Mosquite, Pacific Lowlands, Veracruzan, and Yucatán Peninsule provinces), Pacific Dominion (Cauca, Chocó-Darién, Ecuadorian, Guajira, Guatuso Talamanca, Puntarenas-Chiriquí, Magdalena, Venezuelan, and Western Ecuador provinces), South Brazilian dominion (Rondônia and Yungas provinces), and South American transition zones (Páramo and Puna provinces) (Fig. 21b).

Published as part of Arias-Buriticá, Jorge Armando & Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Zagury, 2025, Contributions to the taxonomy of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini): Description of a new subgenus and redefinition of Dichotomius sensu stricto species groups, pp. 1-45 in Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240023) (e 20240023) 69 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0023, http://zenodo.org/record/16975085