The Black Sea is a highly important marine ecosystem for Europe, yet it is increasingly exposed to pressures caused by human activities. Over time, interactions with this marine basin have provided economic benefits through the exploitation of its natural resources, but have also led to significant ecological imbalances, including pollution, biodiversity loss, and habitat alteration. Studies reveal critical gaps in the monitoring of marine resources, which undermine the effectiveness of protection and conservation measures. In this context, Romania, as a member state of the European Union, is also obligated to ensure the environmental health of the Black Sea in accordance with European directives and national legislation. The research method employed consisted of a systematic review of specialized literature, analyzing scientific articles, recent reports on the ecological status of the Black Sea, studies on pollution and biodiversity, and the impact of climate change. In conclusion, the protection, restoration, and continuous monitoring of the marine environment require the adoption of effective policies and conservation measures, sustainable management, and a reduction of anthropogenic impacts by all stakeholders across the entire Black Sea basin.