Replication code for the paper “The invisible hand as an emergent property: a gradient flow approach.” The folder “R code – Section 4.1. Back to the data” contains the R code used to replicate the empirical analysis based on firm-level data from the Orbis database. The original ORBIS data were obtained under a restricted-use agreement and cannot be publicly shared. However, the subset of data used in the analysis is included in the package as an RData file. The folder “Julia code – Section 4.2. Numerical exploration” contains the Julia code used to reproduce the numerical simulations presented in the paper. No external data is required for this part.