Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2025
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: ZENODO
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: ZENODO
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2025
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2025
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2025
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: Datacite
versions View all 4 versions
addClaim

Max-out

Phénomène d'auto-aliénation à l'ère de l'optimisation et de la digitalisation de soi.
Authors: Vivier, Philippe;
Abstract

Face aux mutations structurelles du travail à l’ère de la digitalisation, de l’ultraconnectivité et de l’injonction à l’optimisation de soi, les classifications actuelles des troubles liés au travail (burn-out, workaholisme, brown-out, bore-out) ne permettent pas de saisir des formes contemporaines de souffrance psychique. Cette forme d’assujettissement invisibilisée, désignée sous le terme de Max-out, rend compte d’une dynamique insidieuse, régulée et intégrée. L’exploration proposée s’appuie sur une analyse transdisciplinaire croisant psychologie du travail, ergonomie, sociologie critique et philosophie, permettant d’appréhender des dynamiques subjectives et systémiques à l’œuvre dans la fusion des sphères privés et professionnelles. Le Max-out est défini comme une forme contemporaine d’aliénation, un état dans lequel l’individu maintient une performance fonctionnelle élevée, affiche un sentiment subjectif d’épanouissement, et se perçoit comme capable d’autorégulation, tout en perdant progressivement sa lucidité critique et son libre arbitre. Ce travail propose une formalisation du concept, en soulignant ses spécificités par rapport aux syndromes existants et expose une condition d’engagement professionnel paradoxal, dans laquelle l’individu s’auto-exploite tout en se vivant comme libre, accompli et volontaire. Je présente ici un type-idéal, destiné à ouvrir un espace de recherche sur une forme d’aliénation douce, normalisée, qui échappe à la vigilance, précisément parce qu’elle opère sous des composantes valorisées. Ce qui la rend d’autant plus imperméable à la critique, c’est qu’elle en neutralise les ressorts de l’intérieur, en s’abritant derrière des idéaux devenus intouchables : épanouissement, développement personnel, autonomie.

As the structure of work evolves under the combined effects of digitalization, hyperconnectivity and the injunction to optimize the self, existing classifications of work-related disorders (burn-out, workaholism, brown-out, bore-out) appear insufficient to capture new forms of psychological suffering. This invisibilized form of subjugation, referred to here as Max-out, reflects a subtle, regulated and internalized dynamic. The analysis follows a transdisciplinary approach, drawing from work psychology, ergonomics, critical sociology and philosophy, in order to grasp the subjective and systemic processes operating within the growing fusion of private and professional spheres. Max-out is defined as a contemporary form of alienation in which individuals maintain a high level of functional performance, express a subjective sense of fulfilment, and perceive themselves as self-regulating, while gradually losing critical awareness and personal agency. This work proposes a formalization of the concept, highlighting its distinct features in comparison with existing syndromes. It describes a paradoxical form of professional commitment, where individuals self-exploit while experiencing themselves as free, accomplished and voluntary. An ideal type is presented here to open a space of inquiry into a soft, normalized form of alienation that escapes vigilance precisely because it operates through socially valued dimensions. What makes it particularly impervious to critique is its capacity to disarm critical thinking from within, by concealing itself beneath ideals that have become virtually unquestionable: fulfilment, personal development and autonomy.

Keywords

Surinvestissement professionnel, Professional overinvestment, Max-out, Soft control, Emprise, hold, Contemporary alienation, Gamification, Aliénation contemporaine, Management

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    selected citations
    These citations are derived from selected sources.
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    0
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green