Nigeria’s persistent socio-economic inequality, religious violence, and political corruption contradicted the biblical vision of human dignity rooted in the image of God (Imago Dei). Despite widespread Christian presence, the reality of dehumanisation, marginalisation, and systemic injustice called for a re-examination of Christian theology's role in promoting social justice. This study aimed to develop a biblical theology of human dignity that could inform Christian engagement with social justice issues in contemporary Nigeria. A qualitative research design was adopted for the investigation. Data were collected through library research involving theological texts, biblical commentaries, and scholarly journals. The method of analysis employed was content and thematic interpretation guided by biblical-theological frameworks. The study found that the Imago Dei doctrine, when properly understood, upheld the equality and worth of all human beings and directly challenged social structures that perpetuated injustice. It also revealed that many Nigerian churches had underemphasised social justice in favour of personal piety and prosperity. The study recommended the integration of justice-focused theology into church teaching, leadership formation, and public advocacy. Christian institutions were urged to actively address structural injustices through ethical leadership, interfaith collaboration, and grassroots community engagement. In conclusion, the research affirmed that a rediscovery of the image of God as foundational to human worth could provide the theological basis for societal transformation in Nigeria. The Church must reclaim its prophetic role in fostering justice, peace, and human dignity for all citizens.