This paper investigates the potential of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) to contribute meaningfully to sustainable development, specifically through a comparative study of the classical Tamil text Thirukkural and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By examining key couplets from Thirukkural and mapping them against selected SDGs, the research highlights how ancient ethical principles can support modern development paradigms. The study concludes that Thirukkural’s teachings on governance, social justice, economic fairness, and environmental stewardship resonate deeply with SDG objectives and offer culturally grounded pathways to inclusive and sustainable development in India and beyond.