The dataset describes the phytoplankton responses to the extreme aerosol events in the western Subarctic Pacific. Argo_2903210.mat is BGC-Argo(2903210) observation (argo_phy: mg C m-3). Relative_change_AI_CHL_4day.mat is the change in satellite observed (a-d) AI and (e-h) CHL during the period of extreme aerosol events relative to corresponding climatology. Model_K2_2017_2020.mat is modeled result with climatological atmospheric deposition data during the period from 2017 to 2020 (model_s1: pico-plankton, model_s2: diatom, model_z1: microzooplankton, model_z2: diatom, mmol N m-3). Exp_Event_Every_month.mat are difference between modeled result in 12 sensitivity experiments and control run from 2 days before the extreme aerosol event to 30 days after the event. In the 12 experiments, the extreme aerosol events occur successively every month from January to December. Sensitivity_Exp_changes_flux_event.mat is the 1-year chlorophyll-a concentration result of sensitivity experiments, which was conducted: changing the BFe deposition flux from 0.1 nM/m2/day to 0.6 nM/m2/day during the 3-day period in June. Sensitivity_Exp_changes_days_event.mat is the 1-year chlorophyll-a concentration result of sensitivity experiments, which was conducted: changing the duration days from 1 day to 6 days in June with a constant total BFe deposition flux of 0.6 nM/m2.