This paper explores the role and impact of multinational corporations (MNCs) on economic growth in Nigeria between 2010 and 2023. The period witnessed significant changes in Nigeria’s economic landscape, with MNCs becoming increasingly influential in shaping growth trajectories across critical sectors such as oil and gas, telecommunications, banking, manufacturing, and agriculture. The study analyzes how MNCs have facilitated technological transfers, introduced global best practices, and created job opportunities, thereby supporting national economic development and poverty reduction. By leveraging their access to global capital and supply chains, these firms have bolstered Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), improved infrastructure, and strengthened local supply networks. However, this paper also critically examines the adverse effects associated with multinational activities, including environmental degradation, economic dislocations, and unequal wealth distribution. Through qualitative methods—including primary data from interviews and observations, as well as a review of relevant literature, official statistics, and media reports—the paper assesses the role of MNCs in both reinforcing and challenging Nigeria’s economic growth and structural transformation. The findings reveal a complex interplay between the benefits offered by multinational investments and the socio economic costs borne by host communities. The paper concludes that while multinational corporations have contributed significantly to Nigeria’s economic growth between 2010 and 2023, sustainable and inclusive economic development depends upon strengthened regulatory frameworks, enhanced corporate accountability, and more robust partnerships between MNCs, the Nigerian government, and local communities.