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Seyyid Bey'e Göre İslam Düşüncesinde Siyasal Otorite

Political Authority in Islamic Thought According to Seyyid Bey
Authors: Yüksel, Muhammed Mustafa;

Seyyid Bey'e Göre İslam Düşüncesinde Siyasal Otorite

Abstract

Abstract: In Islamic thought, political authority is largely met with the concept of caliphate, and this issue is dealt with and analyzed in classical sources in the books of Kalām (theology) on imāmah or in fiqh books such as al-ahkām al-sultāniyya. The caliphate did not always exist in the same way after the Prophet but sometimes witnessed the existence of different caliphs in the same period, and sometimes there were periods without caliphs. As it is known, in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, constitutionalism was introduced and some of the powers of the caliph were restricted in time. This led to debates on whether the caliph's powers could be limited in the first place. With the Republic, the caliphate was first separated from the sultanate and the caliph was elected by the parliament, but after a while, it was stated that there was no need for the caliphate as it caused double-headedness and the caliphate was terminated. Seyyid Bey, a scholar and statesman who lived during the period of the debates on the caliphate, wrote important works on this subject. In this context, he analyzed the nature of the caliphate, whether the caliph could be limited to certain conditions, whether the caliphate was a religious or worldly matter, and finally, whether there was a need for a caliph in a society where there was a government. Seyyid Bey presents his views on the subject in three works he published in the fields of Islamic law and Islamic legal methodology. Although the dates of these works are close to each other, they are products of different political conjunctures in terms of realpolitik. In his work Madhal, written in 1917 during the Second Constitutional Era, he discusses the caliphate by taking into account a period when the caliphate and the sultanate were united in a single person. In his treatise Hilāfet ve Hākimiyyet-i Milliyye, published in Ankara in 1923, at a time when the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) decided to abolish the sultanate while maintaining the caliphate as a symbolic institution, he examines whether the separation of the sultanate and the caliphate would pose a problem from the perspective of Islamic law. Finally, during his tenure as Minister of Justice, he delivered a speech in the Grand National Assembly on March 3, 1924, during the abolition of the caliphate, which was later published under the title Hilāfet’in Mahiyyet-i Şer’iyyesi. In this speech, where he shared his final thoughts on the caliphate, he argued that the caliphate was essentially a form of government, and since there was already a functioning government in place, there was no longer a need for a caliph. In this study, Seyyid Bey's idea of caliphate will be analysed by taking these three main works into consideration, the development processes of his thought will be followed, and thus it will be revealed on what kind of ground the political and legal debates that came to the agenda at that time were discussed. Keywords: Islamic Law, Seyyid Bey, Caliphate, Political Authority.

Öz: İslâm düşüncesinde siyasî otorite büyük oranda hilâfet kavramıyla karşılanır ve bu konu, klasik kaynaklarda Kelam kitaplarının imâmet bahsinde veya “el-ahkâmu’s-sultâniyye” gibi fıkıh kitaplarında ele alınıp incelenir. Hilâfet, Hz. Peygamber’den sonra her daim aynı şekilde mevcut olmayıp bazen aynı dönemde farklı halifelerin varlığına tanıklık etmiş, bazen de halifesiz dönemler söz konusu olmuştur. Bilindiği üzere Osmanlı’nın son döneminde meşrutiyete geçilmiş ve halifenin bazı yetkileri sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu da ilk etapta halifenin yetkilerinin sınırlandırılıp sınırlandırılamayacağına dair tartışmalara neden olmuştur. Hilâfet, Cumhuriyetle beraber önce saltanattan ayrılmış, halife meclis tarafından seçilmeye başlanmış, fakat çift başlılığa sebep olduğundan ötürü bir müddet sonra hilâfete de gerek kalmadığı dile getirilmiş ve hilâfete son verilmiştir. Seyyid Bey, hilâfetle ilgili tartışmaların yaşandığı dönemde yaşayan bir âlim ve devlet adamı olarak bu konuda önemli eserler kaleme almıştır. Bu bağlamda o, hilâfetin mahiyetini, halifenin belli şartlarla kayıtlanıp kayıtlanamayacağını, hilâfetin dinî mi dünyevî bir mesele mi olduğunu ve nihayetinde hükümetin olduğu bir toplumda ayrıca halifeye gerek olup olmadığını ele alıp incelemiştir. Seyyid Bey konuyla ilgili fikirlerini, İslâm hukuku ve İslâm hukuk Metodolojisi alanlarında yayınladığı üç eserinde ortaya koymaktadır. Eserlerin yazıldığı dönemlerin tarihleri birbirine yakın olmakla birlikte, reel siyaset bağlamında birbirlerinden farklı konjonktürlerin ürünleridir. O, II. Meşrutiyet döneminde, 1917 yılında kaleme aldığı Medhal isimli eserinde hilâfetle ilgili açıklamalarını hilâfetin ve saltanatın tek bir kişide toplandığı bir dönemi dikkate alarak telif eder. 1923 yılında Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından saltanatın kaldırılıp, hilâfetin sembolik bir kurum olarak varlığının sürdürülmesine karar verildiği sırada Ankara’da basılan Hilâfet ve Hakimiyyet-i Milliyye isimli risalesinde ise saltanat ve hilâfetin ayrılmasının İslâm hukuku açısından problem doğurup doğurmayacağı üzerinde durur. Son olarak 3 Mart 1924 yılında Adalet Bakanı iken, hilâfetin Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından ilgası sırasında gerçekleştirdiği ve sonra Hilâfetin Mahiyyet-i Şer'iyyesi adıyla neşredilen Meclis konuşması söz konusudur. Hilâfetle ilgili nihaî düşüncesini paylaştığı bu konuşmasında ise hilâfetin hükümetten ibaret olduğunu ve vazife başında bir hükümet olduğundan hareketle halifeye gerek kalmadığını ifade eder. Bu çalışmada, Seyyid Bey'in hilâfet düşüncesi bu üç temel eser dikkate alınarak incelenecek, onun düşüncesinin gelişim süreçleri takip edilecek ve böylece o dönem gündeme gelen siyasî ve hukukî tartışmaların nasıl bir zeminde tartışıldığı ortaya çıkmış olacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İslâm hukuku, Seyyid Bey, Hilâfet, Siyasal Otorite.

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Keywords

Seyyid Bey, Siyasal Otorite, Hilâfet, İslâm hukuku

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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