The increasing intricacy of enterprise software supply chains has heightened cybersecurity vulnerabilities, often exploited through obscure third-party components. Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) has emerged as a vital instrument to enhance transparency, reduce attack surfaces, and accelerate vulnerability response. This study examines SBOM adoption within the framework of NIST regulatory guidelines, emphasizing its impact on vulnerability management and risk mitigation in enterprise software supply chains. A scalable architecture is proposed, integrating automated SBOM generation, secure storage, and vulnerability intelligence feeds. Implementation challenges and organizational considerations are analyzed. Empirical findings demonstrate SBOM's efficacy in strengthening cybersecurity posture, providing actionable guidance for practitioners and policymakers.