
Meteorological conditions similar to those causing the June 2025 Western European heatwave are up to 2.5 °C warmer and 2 mm/day drier in the present than they were in the past, with surface pressure up to 1 hPa higher and a seasonal shift toward earlier summer occurrences. This event was associated with rare meteorological conditions. We ascribe the high temperatures causing the June 2025 Western European Heatwave to human driven climate change and natural climate variability likely played a minor role.
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