This dataset contains all tabular data and GeoTIFF raster files used in the article “Remote Sensing Insights into the Russia–Ukraine War: Urban Lighting, Demographic Shifts, and Agronomic Decline” (Kou P. et al., 2025). The files are organized into the following main folders: Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) Annual maximum FVC rasters for Ukraine (2014–2023) in GeoTIFF format. Excel tables summarizing pixel-based maxima by region. Nighttime Light (NTL) VIIRS NTL composite rasters for each year 2014–2023 (GeoTIFF). Year-to-year NTL increment rasters (2015–2023) in GeoTIFF. Excel files with mean NTL changes and 95 % confidence intervals for major cities during 2014–2021 and 2021–2023. Land Cover Change Land cover classification mosaics for 2014, 2021, and 2022 (GeoTIFF). Excel summaries of raster cell counts by land-cover class for both the full study area and conflict hotspots. Population Distribution Annual population density grids for 2014, 2022, and 2023 (GeoTIFF), derived from WorldPop. Tabular exports of aggregated population counts by administrative region. Winter Wheat Extent Python/GEE scripts for NDVI reclassification and winter wheat mapping (2016–2024). GeoTIFF maps of winter wheat extent for 2019 verification (downloaded from Fu Y et al., 2023: High-resolution mapping of global winter-triticeae crops using a sample-free identification method, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., DOI: 10.5194/essd-2023-432). Researchers can use these GeoTIFFs and tables to reproduce the spatial–temporal analyses of vegetation dynamics, lighting trends, land-cover transitions, demographic shifts, and agronomic patterns described in the paper.