Silicon-based solar cells represent the backbone of the photovoltaic (PV) industry due to their relative abundance, mature manufacturing processes, and stable performance. However, their efficiency and longevity are highly influenced by a range of external environmental factors. This paper analyzes how variables such as temperature, light intensity, humidity, dust accumulation, and mechanical stress affect the electrical output, degradation rate, and operational stability of silicon photovoltaic modules. Understanding these influences is critical for optimizing performance, guiding material improvements, and ensuring sustainable energy generation in diverse climates.