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Research . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Research . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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On the Reintroduction of Temporary Controls at EU Internal Borders. Developments and Challenges 40 Years After the Schengen Agreement

Authors: Wille, Christian;

On the Reintroduction of Temporary Controls at EU Internal Borders. Developments and Challenges 40 Years After the Schengen Agreement

Abstract

English – Schengen countries are increasingly relying on the Schengen Borders Code to make internal borders less permeable. This Working Paper focuses on the ongoing reintroduction of temporary internal border controls within the EU between 2015 and 2024, as well as the justifications provided by Schengen countries for these measures. The analysis identifies four phases, reflecting a gradual displacement of the Schengen spirit—established 40 years ago—by a prevailing border spirit. While open borders and free movement remain guiding principles of the European Union, national border regimes are gaining ground and are continuously being adapted to fluctuating threat perceptions. Migration, terrorism, public health, and hybrid threats serve as discursive resources to legitimize a Schengen reality that can no longer be regarded as exceptional, but rather as part of a normalized, security-oriented European order. This trajectory is characterized by a re-nationalization of border policy within the EU, an ever-expanding rhetoric of crisis, political instrumentalization, and an ambivalent mode of EU border governance. ________________________ Français – Les États Schengen s’appuient de plus en plus sur le Code frontières Schengen afin de rendre les frontières intérieures moins perméables. Ce Working Paper analyse la réintroduction continue de contrôles temporaires aux frontières intérieures de l’UE entre 2015 et 2024, ainsi que les justifications avancées par les États Schengen pour légitimer ces mesures. L’analyse distingue quatre phases au cours desquelles s’opère une transformation progressive : l’« esprit de Schengen », instauré il y a quarante ans, est progressivement remplacé par un « esprit des frontières » dominant. Bien que les frontières ouvertes et la libre circulation demeurent des principes directeurs fondamentaux de l’UE, les régimes frontaliers nationaux gagnent en importance et sont continuellement adaptés aux perceptions changeantes des menaces. La migration, le terrorisme, la santé publique et les menaces hybrides servent de ressources discursives pour légitimer une réalité Schengen qui ne peut plus être perçue comme exceptionnelle, mais plutôt comme partie intégrante d’un ordre européen normalisé et axé sur la sécurité. Cette dynamique se caractérise par une renationalisation des politiques frontalières au sein de l’UE, une rhétorique de crise en expansion constante, une instrumentalisation politique et une gouvernance ambivalente des frontières intérieures. ________________________ Deutsch – Die Schengen-Länder berufen sich zunehmend auf den Schengener Grenzkodex, um die Binnengrenzen undurchlässiger zu machen. Das Working Paper analysiert die fortdauernde Wiedereinführung temporärer Kontrollen an den EU-Binnengrenzen zwischen 2015 und 2024 sowie die von den Schengen-Ländern hierfür angeführten Legitimierungen. Die Analyse deckt vier Phasen auf, in denen sich ein schrittweiser Wandel vollzieht: Der vor 40 Jahren etablierte Schengen-Spirit wird zunehmend von einem Border-Spirit verdrängt. Zwar bleiben offene Grenzen und Freizügigkeit zentrale Leitprinzipien der Europäischen Union, doch gewinnen nationale Grenzregime an Bedeutung und werden an wechselnde Bedrohungslagen fortlaufend angepasst. Migration, Terrorismus, Gesundheitsschutz und hybride Bedrohungen stellen dabei diskursive Ressourcen, um eine Schengen-Realität zu legitimieren, die nicht länger als Ausnahme verstanden werden kann, sondern vielmehr als eine normalisierte, sicherheitsorientierte europäische Ordnung. Diese Entwicklung ist von einer Renationalisierung der EU-Grenzpolitik, sich stetig ausweitenden Krisenrhetorik, politischen Instrumentalisierung und einem ambivalenten Grenzmanagement gekennzeichnet.

Edited by UniGR-Center for Border Studies | www.borderstudies.org The UniGR-CBS is an Interdisciplinary Center of Expertise of the University of the Greater Region (UniGR) and combines the expertise of the border researchers of its partner universities. It has been shaping the Greater Region since 2014 and works across borders and border spaces in Europe and beyond. The involved border researchers investigate socioeconomic and sociocultural issues and provide practice-oriented solutions for challenges in border regions.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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