Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br., commonly known as Indian Sarsaparilla, is a perennial climber of the family Apocynaceae, widely distributed across India. It has long been known in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani for its potent therapeutic properties. The plant is extensively used in the treatment of a wide range of ailments, including skin diseases, blood disorders, fever, respiratory conditions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and urinary tract infections. Various parts of the plant like roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, are rich in bioactive compounds such as hemidesmin, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and essential oils, many of which have demonstrated antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Modern phytochemical and pharmacological research support several of its ethnomedicinal claims and highlights its potential as a source of novel therapeutic agents. This review aims to consolidate traditional knowledge, pharmacological data, and recent advances related to the phytochemistry and therapeutic applications of Hemidesmus indicus.