
Resumen La anemia en la primera infancia constituye un grave problema de salud pública en Sudamérica, ya que afecta el desarrollo cognitivo, físico y emocional de los niños menores de cinco años. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las políticas, estrategias e intervenciones implementadas en la región para prevenir la anemia infantil. Para ello, se empleó una metodología cualitativa basada en una revisión sistemática de 29 artículos publicados entre 2020 y 2024, siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA. Las fuentes consultadas incluyeron Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc, EBSCO y ProQuest. Los criterios de inclusión abarcaron estudios en español e inglés, con población infantil como objetivo y enfoques en salud pública, suplementación nutricional o gobernanza. Los resultados identificaron cinco ejes temáticos principales: políticas públicas de salud, estrategias de suplementación nutricional, determinantes sociales, salud y nutrición infantil, y gobernabilidad interinstitucional. Colombia, Perú, México y Ecuador sobresalieron por sus aportes en el diseño e implementación de programas de suplementación, educación nutricional y fortalecimiento institucional. En conclusión, aunque se han logrado avances significativos, la efectividad de las estrategias depende de la integración de políticas sostenibles, intervenciones comunitarias y una coordinación multisectorial. La reducción de la anemia infantil requiere una respuesta estructurada que combine la prevención biomédica con la transformación social.
Abstract Anemia in early childhood constitutes a serious public health problem in South America, as it affects the cognitive, physical, and emotional development of children under five years of age. This study aimed to analyze the policies, strategies, and interventions implemented in the region to prevent childhood anemia. To do so, a qualitative methodology was used based on a systematic review of 29 articles published between 2020 and 2024, following the PRISMA protocol. The sources consulted included Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc, EBSCO, and ProQuest. The inclusion criteria included studies in Spanish and English, targeting children and focusing on public health, nutritional supplementation, or governance. The results identified five main thematic axes: public health policies, nutritional supplementation strategies, social determinants, child health and nutrition, and interinstitutional governance. Colombia, Peru, Mexico, and Ecuador stood out for their contributions to the design and implementation of supplementation, nutrition education, and institutional strengthening programs. In conclusion, although significant progress has been made, the effectiveness of strategies depends on the integration of sustainable policies, community interventions, and multisectoral coordination. Reducing childhood anemia requires a structured response that combines biomedical prevention with social transformation.
políticas públicas, salud preventiva, preventive health, anemia infantil, childhood anemia, public policies
políticas públicas, salud preventiva, preventive health, anemia infantil, childhood anemia, public policies
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