This study analyzes gender dynamics in rural communities affected by depopulation in Castilla y León (Spain), focusing on identity, belonging, and territorial transformation. Through a qualitative research design based on Grounded Theory and social and participatory mapping, this study examines differences in identity construction between men and women within a context of demographic decline. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 88 participants from 48 villages selected via purposive sampling. The results indicate that men construct their identities around economic and traditional roles, whereas women prioritize emotional support networks and family narratives. Additionally, men perceive depopulation as a structural and economic threat, while women interpret it as a disruption of social and community cohesion. This study highlights the utility of social mapping as a methodological tool for visualizing and analyzing participants’ perceptions of territorial changes and their implications for sustainability. From a gender perspective, the findings underscore the need to address rural depopulation by considering differences in environmental perception and adaptation strategies between men and women. This study concludes that territorial revitalization policies should incorporate a gender-sensitive approach that fosters both economic development and social sustainability, promoting resilient and cohesive communities within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).