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AURS–Basic Calculator: A Low-Resource Ultrasound-Based Nomogram for Preoperative Axillary Risk

Authors: Inkov, Ivan; Baitchev, George;

AURS–Basic Calculator: A Low-Resource Ultrasound-Based Nomogram for Preoperative Axillary Risk

Abstract

Note: This is an unpublished manuscript (submitted for peer review in 2025). AbstractBackground: Axillary lymph node (ALN) status remains a critical factor in staging and treatment planning for early breast cancer. However, reliance on advanced imaging (MRI, CEUS, SWE) limits global access and equity, highlighting the need for low-cost, universally accessible tools.Objective: To develop a simple, reproducible, and clinically applicable nomogram—AURS–Basic—for predicting ALN metastasis using routine B-mode and Doppler ultrasound parameters.Methods: A PRISMA-guided systematic review of 35 studies (2015–2025) was conducted to identify key ultrasonographic and clinicopathological predictors. An evidence-informed synthesis (not a formal meta-analysis) extracted diagnostic accuracy metrics (e.g., odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity), which informed a weighted point-based model stratifying patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups.Results: The final model incorporates 24 parameters. High-impact predictors include ≥3 abnormal lymph nodes (30 pts), cortical thickness ≥4 mm (25 pts), hilum absence (20 pts), CH (cortex to hilum) ratio >1.85 (20 pts), and short axis ≥7 mm (20 pts). AURS–Basic demonstrates strong predictive accuracy (AUC 0.81–0.85) and performs comparably to more complex models.Conclusion: AURS–Basic is a reliable, low-resource preoperative axillary risk stratification tool. It supports personalised surgical decision-making, may reduce unnecessary SLNB, and helps guide early ALND when needed. The model is freely available as an interactive web calculator, enabling point-of-care implementation using only routine ultrasound.

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Keywords

nomogram, breast cancer, ultrasound, low-resource, axillary staging

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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Cancer Research