Despite the growing recognition of intellectual capital (IC) as a strategic asset in value creation, its disclosure among firms in emerging markets remains insufficient and inconsistent. This study investigates the determinants of intellectual capital reporting (ICR) among companies listed on the Nigerian Capital Market, addressing a critical gap in understanding the drivers of IC transparency in a developing economy context. This study empirically examines how firm-specific characteristics—namely, firm size, leverage, board gender diversity, audit quality, and firm age—influence the level of ICR. The study covers ten years from 2014 to 2023 and utilizes a quantitative content analysis of annual reports from 150 firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange. The intellectual capital disclosures were measured using a modified IC disclosure index based on the three major components: human capital, structural capital, and capital employed. The data were analyzed using panel data regression models, specifically the random effects model (REM), to identify significant predictors of ICR. Findings reveal that firm size, board gender diversity, and audit quality exhibit statistically significant effect. The study also finds that firm leverage and firm age are not significant with ICR, suggesting a reluctance among dominant shareholders to disclose strategic intangible assets. The research is limited by its focus on listed firms and reliance on annual report disclosures, which may not fully capture all forms of IC communication. Nevertheless, the findings provide practical implications for regulators, investors, and corporate managers seeking to enhance IC transparency and reporting quality. Regulatory bodies may consider developing IC disclosure guidelines to promote uniformity and comparability in reporting practices. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the firm-level determinants of IC disclosure in a sub-Saharan African context, offering novel insights into corporate reporting behavior in an under-researched market.